Environment & Biodiversity MCQs
Q 1.What is ‘Cycas circinalis’, recently seen in the news?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [A palm like tree]
Notes: Cycas circinalis, locally known as Eenthu Pana, a palm like tree, faces imminent extinction in northern Kerala due to an unidentified, rapidly spreading plant disease. Belonging to the endangered cycad family, these ancient plants originated 300 million years ago. Growing up to 25 ft., Eenthu Pana thrives in hilly woodlands and holds cultural significance. Similar to the areca nut, it requires thorough drying before preparation, a challenge during the rainy season. Endemic to the Western Ghats, it serves as a nutraceutical plant for indigenous communities.
Notes: Cycas circinalis, locally known as Eenthu Pana, a palm like tree, faces imminent extinction in northern Kerala due to an unidentified, rapidly spreading plant disease. Belonging to the endangered cycad family, these ancient plants originated 300 million years ago. Growing up to 25 ft., Eenthu Pana thrives in hilly woodlands and holds cultural significance. Similar to the areca nut, it requires thorough drying before preparation, a challenge during the rainy season. Endemic to the Western Ghats, it serves as a nutraceutical plant for indigenous communities.
Q 2.Recently, which valley hosting the largest nesting colony for Gyps vultures in southern India?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Moyar Valley]
Notes: The Moyar Valley, also known as Maayar Valley, hosts the critically endangered Gyps Vulture. Located within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, stretching from Gudalur through Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, it harbors vital species like tigers and elephants. This region boasts the largest nesting colony of Gyps vultures in peninsular India. Biomes, classified by resident species, define this area, making it a crucial habitat for endangered wildlife.
Notes: The Moyar Valley, also known as Maayar Valley, hosts the critically endangered Gyps Vulture. Located within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, stretching from Gudalur through Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, it harbors vital species like tigers and elephants. This region boasts the largest nesting colony of Gyps vultures in peninsular India. Biomes, classified by resident species, define this area, making it a crucial habitat for endangered wildlife.
Q 3.Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, recently seen in news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Tamil Nadu]
Notes: The Forest Department conducted the annual wildlife census at Point Calimere, located in Kodiakkarai, Tamil Nadu. Also known as Cape Calimere, it’s situated on the Coromandel Coast, about 9 km south of Vedaranyam. This area boasts historical significance with structures like the Kodi Kuzhagar temple from the Chola period and a Chola lighthouse, destroyed during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The forests here are remnants of the East Deccan dry evergreen forests ecoregion.
Notes: The Forest Department conducted the annual wildlife census at Point Calimere, located in Kodiakkarai, Tamil Nadu. Also known as Cape Calimere, it’s situated on the Coromandel Coast, about 9 km south of Vedaranyam. This area boasts historical significance with structures like the Kodi Kuzhagar temple from the Chola period and a Chola lighthouse, destroyed during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The forests here are remnants of the East Deccan dry evergreen forests ecoregion.
Q 4.What is ‘Senna spectabilis’, recently seen in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Highly invasive tree]
Notes: The forest department is eradicating Senna spectabilis, a highly invasive tree, from Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR). Originally introduced as ornamental trees by private estates, the Madras High Court ordered their removal due to ecological impact on local reserves. Belonging to the legume family, native to South and Central America, it’s also known as golden wonder tree for its bright yellow flowers. Despite medicinal uses, including treating ringworm and food-borne pathogens, its removal is necessary for preserving local ecology.
Notes: The forest department is eradicating Senna spectabilis, a highly invasive tree, from Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR). Originally introduced as ornamental trees by private estates, the Madras High Court ordered their removal due to ecological impact on local reserves. Belonging to the legume family, native to South and Central America, it’s also known as golden wonder tree for its bright yellow flowers. Despite medicinal uses, including treating ringworm and food-borne pathogens, its removal is necessary for preserving local ecology.
Q 5.Recently, venomous jellyfish blooms have been sighted at which place?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Visakhapatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh]
Notes: Venomous Pelagia noctilucas, or purple-striped jellyfish, are blooming along Visakhapatnam’s coast in Andhra Pradesh. Jellyfish blooms occur when populations rapidly increase due to warm ocean temperatures. These blooms detrimentally impact fishing and tourism industries. Natural factors like ocean and wind currents can also contribute to these occurrences.
Notes: Venomous Pelagia noctilucas, or purple-striped jellyfish, are blooming along Visakhapatnam’s coast in Andhra Pradesh. Jellyfish blooms occur when populations rapidly increase due to warm ocean temperatures. These blooms detrimentally impact fishing and tourism industries. Natural factors like ocean and wind currents can also contribute to these occurrences.
Q 6.What is the name of the rock where scientists recently discovered a gigantic ocean located 700 km beneath the Earth’s surface?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Ringwoodite rock]
Notes: A groundbreaking discovery has unveiled a vast ocean hidden beneath the Earth’s crust, located 700 kilometers deep within a rock called ringwoodite. This subterranean reservoir, three times the volume of all surface oceans combined, was detected using a network of 2000 seismographs across the US. Ringwoodite’s unique properties, detailed in a 2014 scientific paper, allow it to absorb and trap water, supporting the theory of Earth’s internal water origin and reshaping our understanding of the planet’s water cycle.
Notes: A groundbreaking discovery has unveiled a vast ocean hidden beneath the Earth’s crust, located 700 kilometers deep within a rock called ringwoodite. This subterranean reservoir, three times the volume of all surface oceans combined, was detected using a network of 2000 seismographs across the US. Ringwoodite’s unique properties, detailed in a 2014 scientific paper, allow it to absorb and trap water, supporting the theory of Earth’s internal water origin and reshaping our understanding of the planet’s water cycle.
Q 7.What is ‘Rhamphicarpa fistulosa’, recently seen in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [Parasitic weed]
Notes: Rice vampireweed (Rhamphicarpa fistulosa) impacts over 140,000 farm households annually in Africa, causing $82 million in losses. It’s a predominant and troublesome parasitic weed affecting rice, sorghum, and maize. Though it also affects other cereals, rice suffers the most. Current fertilizers don’t control it. Resistant rice cultivars NERICA-L-40 and -31 offer hope, but further research is needed to mitigate its extensive economic and agricultural damage.
Notes: Rice vampireweed (Rhamphicarpa fistulosa) impacts over 140,000 farm households annually in Africa, causing $82 million in losses. It’s a predominant and troublesome parasitic weed affecting rice, sorghum, and maize. Though it also affects other cereals, rice suffers the most. Current fertilizers don’t control it. Resistant rice cultivars NERICA-L-40 and -31 offer hope, but further research is needed to mitigate its extensive economic and agricultural damage.
Q 8.Clouded Tiger Cat, recently seen in the news, is primarily found in which region?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Southern Central American and Andean Mountain chains]
Notes: A new species of tiger cat, the clouded tiger cat (Leopardus pardinoides) is recently discovered in Brazil, faces threats from deforestation and illegal hunting. Tiger cats, also known as oncillas, are small spotted cats native to Central and South America, weighing between 1.5 to 3 kilograms. The clouded tiger cat, found in southern Central American and Andean Mountain chains, has distinct features including long tail, short-round ears, and rich reddish/orangish/grayish-yellow fur with ‘cloudy’ rosettes.
Notes: A new species of tiger cat, the clouded tiger cat (Leopardus pardinoides) is recently discovered in Brazil, faces threats from deforestation and illegal hunting. Tiger cats, also known as oncillas, are small spotted cats native to Central and South America, weighing between 1.5 to 3 kilograms. The clouded tiger cat, found in southern Central American and Andean Mountain chains, has distinct features including long tail, short-round ears, and rich reddish/orangish/grayish-yellow fur with ‘cloudy’ rosettes.
Q 9.Eravikulam National Park, recently seen in news due to project Nilgiri Tahr, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Kerala]
Notes: Tamil Nadu and Kerala are set to conduct the first synchronized survey of Nilgiri tahrs starting April 29, a monumental effort in India. Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary for Environment, Climate Change, and Forest, anticipates valuable insights from this initiative. The Eravikulam National Park harbors the largest population of these endemic ungulates, native to the southern Western Ghats. Nilgiri tahr, the state animal of Tamil Nadu, faces endangerment, according to the IUCN.
Notes: Tamil Nadu and Kerala are set to conduct the first synchronized survey of Nilgiri tahrs starting April 29, a monumental effort in India. Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary for Environment, Climate Change, and Forest, anticipates valuable insights from this initiative. The Eravikulam National Park harbors the largest population of these endemic ungulates, native to the southern Western Ghats. Nilgiri tahr, the state animal of Tamil Nadu, faces endangerment, according to the IUCN.
Q 10.Taam Ja’ Blue Hole, recently in the news, is located in which country?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Mexico]
Notes: Scientists continue to explore Mexico’s Taam Ja’ Blue Hole in Chetumal Bay, hinting at a connection to a complex network of underwater caves. Blue holes, like Taam Ja’, are sinkholes formed by the dissolution of soluble rock, such as limestone. Taam Ja’ is the world’s deepest known underwater sinkhole, plunging at least 1,380 feet below sea level. It surpasses the previous record holder, the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole, by 390 feet.
Notes: Scientists continue to explore Mexico’s Taam Ja’ Blue Hole in Chetumal Bay, hinting at a connection to a complex network of underwater caves. Blue holes, like Taam Ja’, are sinkholes formed by the dissolution of soluble rock, such as limestone. Taam Ja’ is the world’s deepest known underwater sinkhole, plunging at least 1,380 feet below sea level. It surpasses the previous record holder, the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole, by 390 feet.
Q 11.What is the main objective of Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), recently in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [To provide ocean data, information, and advisory services]
Notes: INCOIS, established in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, issues alerts to coastal states about rough seas, high waves, and inundation risks. It operates under ESSO, aiming to furnish oceanic data, information, and advisory services to various sectors. Its activities include round-the-clock monitoring and warning services for tsunamis, storm surges, and high waves, daily advisories for fisherfolk, and short-term ocean state forecasts. It also deploys Ocean Observing Systems to collect data and predict oceanic changes.
Notes: INCOIS, established in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, issues alerts to coastal states about rough seas, high waves, and inundation risks. It operates under ESSO, aiming to furnish oceanic data, information, and advisory services to various sectors. Its activities include round-the-clock monitoring and warning services for tsunamis, storm surges, and high waves, daily advisories for fisherfolk, and short-term ocean state forecasts. It also deploys Ocean Observing Systems to collect data and predict oceanic changes.
Q 12.Silk cotton trees, recently seen in news, are mainly found in which forests?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Moist deciduous & Semi evergreen forests]
Notes: The disappearance of silk cotton trees from south Rajasthan poses severe consequences for forests and locals. Also known as semal tree, it’s a tall deciduous species with a buttressed base and prickly trunk. Found in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, it holds cultural significance for the Garasia tribe. Widely distributed in India, it serves various purposes, offering shelter, food, and even land reclamation, making its decline alarming for ecosystems and communities.
Notes: The disappearance of silk cotton trees from south Rajasthan poses severe consequences for forests and locals. Also known as semal tree, it’s a tall deciduous species with a buttressed base and prickly trunk. Found in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, it holds cultural significance for the Garasia tribe. Widely distributed in India, it serves various purposes, offering shelter, food, and even land reclamation, making its decline alarming for ecosystems and communities.
Q 13.According to a recent report released by the NOAA, how much of the world’s coral reefs have bleached in the past year?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [60%]
Notes: According to the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 60% of the world’s coral reefs have experienced heat stress severe enough to cause bleaching in the past 12 months, which is a record. This is the fourth mass coral bleaching event on record, with the previous three occurring between 1998 and 2017. Bleaching can make reefs more vulnerable to disease and harm the biodiversity they support.
Notes: According to the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 60% of the world’s coral reefs have experienced heat stress severe enough to cause bleaching in the past 12 months, which is a record. This is the fourth mass coral bleaching event on record, with the previous three occurring between 1998 and 2017. Bleaching can make reefs more vulnerable to disease and harm the biodiversity they support.
Q 14.Wildlife authorities of which state has recently started surveys to estimate the population of blue sheep or bharal and the Himalayan ibex?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Himachal Pradesh]
Notes: Wildlife authorities in Himachal Pradesh are conducting surveys to estimate the populations of blue sheep (bharal) and Himalayan ibex using the double-observer technique. Blue sheep, related to goats, inhabit the high Himalayas across several countries and are listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. The Himalayan ibex, a subspecies of the Siberian ibex, resides in high-altitude regions and migrates to lower elevations in winter. Both face threats from poaching and livestock competition.
Notes: Wildlife authorities in Himachal Pradesh are conducting surveys to estimate the populations of blue sheep (bharal) and Himalayan ibex using the double-observer technique. Blue sheep, related to goats, inhabit the high Himalayas across several countries and are listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. The Himalayan ibex, a subspecies of the Siberian ibex, resides in high-altitude regions and migrates to lower elevations in winter. Both face threats from poaching and livestock competition.
Q 15.Ashtamudi Lake, recently seen in the news due to microplastic pollution, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Kerala]
Notes: A recent study exposes extensive microplastic pollution in Ashtamudi Lake, emphasizing ongoing monitoring and addressing potential public health risks. Located in Kerala’s Kollam district, the lake boasts scenic beauty and eight connecting channels, earning its name Ashtamudi. Second-largest in Kerala, it drains into the sea via Neendakara estuary, fed primarily by the Kallada River. Historically significant, it served as a crucial port in the 14th century, and hosts diverse marshy mangroves, including endangered species.
Notes: A recent study exposes extensive microplastic pollution in Ashtamudi Lake, emphasizing ongoing monitoring and addressing potential public health risks. Located in Kerala’s Kollam district, the lake boasts scenic beauty and eight connecting channels, earning its name Ashtamudi. Second-largest in Kerala, it drains into the sea via Neendakara estuary, fed primarily by the Kallada River. Historically significant, it served as a crucial port in the 14th century, and hosts diverse marshy mangroves, including endangered species.
Q 16.Rajaji Tiger Reserve, recently seen in the news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Uttarakhand]
Notes: A tigress translocated from Corbett Tiger Reserve to Rajaji Tiger Reserve has given birth to four cubs, according to the Chief Wildlife Warden. Rajaji National Park, established in 1983 and located in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, is a vital link to other tiger habitats in Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. The reserve, named after freedom fighter C. Rajgopalachari, became India’s 48th tiger reserve in 2015.
Notes: A tigress translocated from Corbett Tiger Reserve to Rajaji Tiger Reserve has given birth to four cubs, according to the Chief Wildlife Warden. Rajaji National Park, established in 1983 and located in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, is a vital link to other tiger habitats in Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. The reserve, named after freedom fighter C. Rajgopalachari, became India’s 48th tiger reserve in 2015.
Q 17.Mount Kanlaon, recently seen in the news, is located in which country?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Philippines]
Notes: Hundreds sheltered in evacuation centers after Mount Kanlaon erupted in the central Philippines. Mount Kanlaon, a 2435m stratovolcano on Negros Island, is the highest mountain on the island and part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Known for its pyroclastic cones and craters, the biologically diverse volcano has erupted multiple times since 1886, with phreatic explosions causing minor ashfalls. It influences major river systems on Negros Island.
Notes: Hundreds sheltered in evacuation centers after Mount Kanlaon erupted in the central Philippines. Mount Kanlaon, a 2435m stratovolcano on Negros Island, is the highest mountain on the island and part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Known for its pyroclastic cones and craters, the biologically diverse volcano has erupted multiple times since 1886, with phreatic explosions causing minor ashfalls. It influences major river systems on Negros Island.
Q 18.Nagi Bird Sanctuary, recently declared as new Ramsar Site, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Bihar]
Notes: India declared Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries as new Ramsar Sites, boosting the nation’s count to 82, tied for third globally. Nagi, a man-made reservoir in Bihar’s Jamui district, hosts diverse migratory birds like Bar-headed geese and Red-crested Pochard. Nakti sanctuary, also in Jamui, serves as a vital wintering habitat for over 20,000 birds and supports rich fauna like Bengal fox and Monitor Lizard. Both sanctuaries contribute to the biodiversity of the Ganga basin.
Notes: India declared Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries as new Ramsar Sites, boosting the nation’s count to 82, tied for third globally. Nagi, a man-made reservoir in Bihar’s Jamui district, hosts diverse migratory birds like Bar-headed geese and Red-crested Pochard. Nakti sanctuary, also in Jamui, serves as a vital wintering habitat for over 20,000 birds and supports rich fauna like Bengal fox and Monitor Lizard. Both sanctuaries contribute to the biodiversity of the Ganga basin.
Q 19.Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, recently seen in news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Madhya Pradesh]
Notes: The Madhya Pradesh government has prepared the Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary to become a new cheetah habitat. Teams from Kenya and South Africa assessed the site, and prey animals were relocated from other tiger reserves. Eight Namibian cheetahs were released at Kuno National Park in 2022, followed by 12 more from South Africa in 2023. The Chief Minister directed a study on introducing rhinos and other rare animals to the state.
Notes: The Madhya Pradesh government has prepared the Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary to become a new cheetah habitat. Teams from Kenya and South Africa assessed the site, and prey animals were relocated from other tiger reserves. Eight Namibian cheetahs were released at Kuno National Park in 2022, followed by 12 more from South Africa in 2023. The Chief Minister directed a study on introducing rhinos and other rare animals to the state.
Q 20.Recently, which organization has developed a new tool to predict the emergence of El Nino and La Nina conditions?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)]
Notes: The Hyderabad-based Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has developed the Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network (BCNN) to predict El Nino and La Nina conditions. Utilizing AI, deep learning, and ML, BCNN forecasts ENSO phases by observing ocean-atmosphere interactions and using the Nino3.4 index. Established in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, INCOIS provides ocean data, information, and advisory services to various stakeholders.
Notes: The Hyderabad-based Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has developed the Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network (BCNN) to predict El Nino and La Nina conditions. Utilizing AI, deep learning, and ML, BCNN forecasts ENSO phases by observing ocean-atmosphere interactions and using the Nino3.4 index. Established in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, INCOIS provides ocean data, information, and advisory services to various stakeholders.
Q 21.Kumaon Himalayas, recently seen in the news, lies between which rivers?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Sutlej River & kali River]
Notes: The Supreme Court has halted a 90-acre project in the ecologically fragile and seismic-prone lower Himalayan ranges of Uttarakhand’s Kumaon hills. This region lies between the Sutlej and Kali Rivers and includes the Siwalik Range and Great Himalayas. It features peaks like Nanda Devi and Kamet, lakes such as Naini and Bhimtal, and hill stations like Nainital. It is home to indigenous tribes including Tharus and Bhutiyas.
Notes: The Supreme Court has halted a 90-acre project in the ecologically fragile and seismic-prone lower Himalayan ranges of Uttarakhand’s Kumaon hills. This region lies between the Sutlej and Kali Rivers and includes the Siwalik Range and Great Himalayas. It features peaks like Nanda Devi and Kamet, lakes such as Naini and Bhimtal, and hill stations like Nainital. It is home to indigenous tribes including Tharus and Bhutiyas.
Q 22.Tadoba- Andhari Tiger Reserve, recently seen in the news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Maharashtra]
Notes: A 32-year-old woman was killed by a tiger in the buffer zone of Maharashtra’s Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR). TATR, the largest and oldest tiger reserve in Maharashtra, covers 625.4 sq. km and includes Tadoba National Park and Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary. It features Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous vegetation and notable wildlife like tigers, leopards, and sloth bears. The reserve has corridor linkages with other tiger reserves and houses diverse flora and fauna.
Notes: A 32-year-old woman was killed by a tiger in the buffer zone of Maharashtra’s Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR). TATR, the largest and oldest tiger reserve in Maharashtra, covers 625.4 sq. km and includes Tadoba National Park and Andhari Wildlife Sanctuary. It features Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous vegetation and notable wildlife like tigers, leopards, and sloth bears. The reserve has corridor linkages with other tiger reserves and houses diverse flora and fauna.
Q 23.Which glacier is the source of Sunkoshi River, recently in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Zhangzangbo Glacier]
Notes: A recent river cleanup campaign, part of the PLEASE (Plastic Free Rivers and Seas of South Asia) program, removed 24,575 kg of waste from the Sunkoshi River and its banks. The Sunkoshi, also called the ‘river of gold,’ is in Nepal, forming part of the Koshi River system. Originating from the Zhangzangbo Glacier in Tibet, it joins the Ganga in Bihar, India, before emptying into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. It’s renowned for challenging rapids and popular for rafting in Nepal.
Notes: A recent river cleanup campaign, part of the PLEASE (Plastic Free Rivers and Seas of South Asia) program, removed 24,575 kg of waste from the Sunkoshi River and its banks. The Sunkoshi, also called the ‘river of gold,’ is in Nepal, forming part of the Koshi River system. Originating from the Zhangzangbo Glacier in Tibet, it joins the Ganga in Bihar, India, before emptying into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. It’s renowned for challenging rapids and popular for rafting in Nepal.
Q 24.Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, recently seen in the news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Tamil Nadu]
Notes: The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has initiated a three-day elephant census at Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. Located at the Eastern and Western Ghats junction in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, this reserve is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is contiguous with Mudumalai, Bandipur, and Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserves, collectively hosting over 280 tigers, the world’s largest tiger population. Declared a tiger reserve in 2013, it connects the Eastern and Western Ghats, supporting diverse wildlife.
Notes: The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has initiated a three-day elephant census at Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. Located at the Eastern and Western Ghats junction in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, this reserve is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is contiguous with Mudumalai, Bandipur, and Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserves, collectively hosting over 280 tigers, the world’s largest tiger population. Declared a tiger reserve in 2013, it connects the Eastern and Western Ghats, supporting diverse wildlife.
Q 25.Pantanal Wetland, recently seen in news due to wildfire, is located in which continent?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [South America]
Notes: South America’s Pantanal, the world’s largest tropical wetland spanning Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay, faces severe wildfires. This UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve is crucial for its biodiversity, including jaguars and caimans. With less than 5% protected, threats like cattle grazing and pollution from waste and pesticides endanger its ecosystem.
Notes: South America’s Pantanal, the world’s largest tropical wetland spanning Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay, faces severe wildfires. This UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve is crucial for its biodiversity, including jaguars and caimans. With less than 5% protected, threats like cattle grazing and pollution from waste and pesticides endanger its ecosystem.
Q 26.Recently, which state government has introduced the first AI-based smart fence project, named ‘Ele-fence’, to reduce human-wildlife conflict?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Kerala]
Notes: The Ele-fence project, India’s first AI-based smart fence, is being deployed in Wayanad, Kerala, to mitigate human-wildlife conflict, primarily involving elephants. Implemented by White Elephant Technologies and the Kerala Forest Department, it aims to prevent crop loss and casualties caused by elephants encroaching on human habitats. Human-wildlife conflicts escalate as human populations grow and encroach into animal habitats, affecting biodiversity and local economies. The Ele-fence seeks to protect both wildlife and human livelihoods in affected areas.
Notes: The Ele-fence project, India’s first AI-based smart fence, is being deployed in Wayanad, Kerala, to mitigate human-wildlife conflict, primarily involving elephants. Implemented by White Elephant Technologies and the Kerala Forest Department, it aims to prevent crop loss and casualties caused by elephants encroaching on human habitats. Human-wildlife conflicts escalate as human populations grow and encroach into animal habitats, affecting biodiversity and local economies. The Ele-fence seeks to protect both wildlife and human livelihoods in affected areas.
Q 27.Khalanga Reserve Forest, recently seen in news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Uttarakhand]
Notes: Local residents in Dehradun rallied to save 2,000 Sal trees in Khalanga Reserve Forest, prompting the state government to relocate a planned drinking water plant due to public outcry. Environmental activists and locals protested against the felling of trees for the Song Dam drinking water project. Social media campaigns and symbolic acts like tying Raksha-Sutras to trees were employed. The project aims to supply drinking water to 60 wards in Dehradun, costing an estimated Rs. 3,000 crores.
Notes: Local residents in Dehradun rallied to save 2,000 Sal trees in Khalanga Reserve Forest, prompting the state government to relocate a planned drinking water plant due to public outcry. Environmental activists and locals protested against the felling of trees for the Song Dam drinking water project. Social media campaigns and symbolic acts like tying Raksha-Sutras to trees were employed. The project aims to supply drinking water to 60 wards in Dehradun, costing an estimated Rs. 3,000 crores.
Q 28.Raimona National Park, recently seen in news due to an antelope like mammal ‘mainland serow’, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Assam]
Notes: A mainland serow, a mammal between a goat and an antelope, was sighted at 96 meters above sea level in Raimona National Park, Assam, near human habitation. Documented by a team of scientists, this finding was published in the Journal of Threatened Taxa. The serow, usually found at 200-3,000 meters in the India-Bhutan border region, highlights biodiversity conservation efforts in the park, previously affected by poaching and logging.
Notes: A mainland serow, a mammal between a goat and an antelope, was sighted at 96 meters above sea level in Raimona National Park, Assam, near human habitation. Documented by a team of scientists, this finding was published in the Journal of Threatened Taxa. The serow, usually found at 200-3,000 meters in the India-Bhutan border region, highlights biodiversity conservation efforts in the park, previously affected by poaching and logging.
Q 29.Pallikaranai Marshland, recently seen in news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [Tamil Nadu]
Notes: The Tamil Nadu government plans to build a high-level bridge to protect the Pallikaranai Marshland, a freshwater and saline wetland 20 km south of Chennai. As one of Chennai’s last natural wetlands, it serves as an aquatic buffer, draining 250 sq.km through Okkiyam Madavu and Kovalam Creek into the Bay of Bengal. A Ramsar site, it supports diverse species including 115 bird species, Russell’s viper, and the glossy ibis.
Notes: The Tamil Nadu government plans to build a high-level bridge to protect the Pallikaranai Marshland, a freshwater and saline wetland 20 km south of Chennai. As one of Chennai’s last natural wetlands, it serves as an aquatic buffer, draining 250 sq.km through Okkiyam Madavu and Kovalam Creek into the Bay of Bengal. A Ramsar site, it supports diverse species including 115 bird species, Russell’s viper, and the glossy ibis.
Q 30.Recently, which country has become the first country in the world to prepare a checklist of its entire fauna?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [India]
Notes: India has become the first country to prepare a comprehensive checklist of its entire fauna population, documenting 104,561 species. This milestone, announced by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav in Kolkata, coincided with the launch of the Fauna of India Checklist Portal by the Zoological Survey of India. This portal, vital for scientific research, encompasses 121 checklists of all known taxa. The event also featured the 2nd Animal Taxonomy Summit-2024.
Notes: India has become the first country to prepare a comprehensive checklist of its entire fauna population, documenting 104,561 species. This milestone, announced by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav in Kolkata, coincided with the launch of the Fauna of India Checklist Portal by the Zoological Survey of India. This portal, vital for scientific research, encompasses 121 checklists of all known taxa. The event also featured the 2nd Animal Taxonomy Summit-2024.
Q 31.What is ‘Miyawaki method’, recently seen in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Urban afforestation method]
Notes: The Chhattisgarh Forest Department held a Van Mahotsav in the Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district, planting saplings using the Miyawaki method. The Miyawaki method, is a urban afforestation method, developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki. It involves planting 2-4 types of native trees per square meter. Dense planting leads to rapid growth as seedlings compete for sunlight. Only native species, suited to the local climate and naturally occurring without human interference, are planted. Trees become self-sustainable and reach full growth in about three years. Miyawaki forests grow 10 times faster, are 30 times denser, and have 100 times more biodiversity.
Notes: The Chhattisgarh Forest Department held a Van Mahotsav in the Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district, planting saplings using the Miyawaki method. The Miyawaki method, is a urban afforestation method, developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki. It involves planting 2-4 types of native trees per square meter. Dense planting leads to rapid growth as seedlings compete for sunlight. Only native species, suited to the local climate and naturally occurring without human interference, are planted. Trees become self-sustainable and reach full growth in about three years. Miyawaki forests grow 10 times faster, are 30 times denser, and have 100 times more biodiversity.
Q 32.Recently, which organization issued world’s first carbon removal bond to fund Amazon reforestation?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [World Bank]
Notes: The World Bank has issued the world’s first carbon removal bond to support Amazon reforestation. The bond is worth $225 million and has a nine-year term. Investors’ returns are tied to the amount of carbon removed by new trees, not just emission reductions from preventing deforestation. This bond aims to protect the Amazon by financially incentivizing reforestation efforts.
Notes: The World Bank has issued the world’s first carbon removal bond to support Amazon reforestation. The bond is worth $225 million and has a nine-year term. Investors’ returns are tied to the amount of carbon removed by new trees, not just emission reductions from preventing deforestation. This bond aims to protect the Amazon by financially incentivizing reforestation efforts.
Q 33.Recently, the Zoological Survey of India collaborated with which state to tag horseshoe crabs for conservation and habitat protection?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Odisha]
Notes: The Zoological Survey of India and Odisha Forest Department are tagging horseshoe crabs to study their population, habitat, and migration. Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods, known as “living fossils,” related to scorpions and spiders. They live in shallow coastal waters and spawn on intertidal beaches during high tides. Global species include the Vulnerable American Horseshoe Crab, Endangered Tri-spine Horseshoe Crab, Coastal Horseshoe Crab, and Mangrove Horseshoe Crab. India has two species: Coastal Horseshoe Crab and Mangrove Horseshoe Crab, found mainly along the northeastern coast in Odisha and West Bengal.
Notes: The Zoological Survey of India and Odisha Forest Department are tagging horseshoe crabs to study their population, habitat, and migration. Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods, known as “living fossils,” related to scorpions and spiders. They live in shallow coastal waters and spawn on intertidal beaches during high tides. Global species include the Vulnerable American Horseshoe Crab, Endangered Tri-spine Horseshoe Crab, Coastal Horseshoe Crab, and Mangrove Horseshoe Crab. India has two species: Coastal Horseshoe Crab and Mangrove Horseshoe Crab, found mainly along the northeastern coast in Odisha and West Bengal.
Q 34.Pampadum Shola National Park, which was seen in the news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Kerala]
Notes: A new plant species, Gongronema sasidharanii, was discovered in Pampadum Shola National Park, Kerala. This plant has smooth stems and small, urn-shaped flowers that are creamy white to purplish-green. It’s the first time the Gongronema genus has been found in South India. Previously, Gongronema species in India were only found in the northeast, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and West Bengal. Pampadum Shola National Park is in the Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, covering about 12 sq km. The park has hilly terrain, altitudes from 1600 to 2400 m, and a misty climate with heavy monsoon rain.
Notes: A new plant species, Gongronema sasidharanii, was discovered in Pampadum Shola National Park, Kerala. This plant has smooth stems and small, urn-shaped flowers that are creamy white to purplish-green. It’s the first time the Gongronema genus has been found in South India. Previously, Gongronema species in India were only found in the northeast, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and West Bengal. Pampadum Shola National Park is in the Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, covering about 12 sq km. The park has hilly terrain, altitudes from 1600 to 2400 m, and a misty climate with heavy monsoon rain.
Q 35.‘Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus’, recently seen in the news, belongs to which species?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Dinosaur]
Notes: A new dinosaur species named Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus has been discovered in Kyrgyzstan, dating back about 165 million years. It is a large theropod found in the Middle Jurassic Balabansai formation in the northern Fergana Depression. This predator, from the Callovian age, was around 7 to 8 meters long. It had a distinctive protruding ‘eyebrow’ on the postorbital bone, suggesting a horn-like structure. Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus belongs to the Metriacanthosauridae family, known for high-arched skulls and slender hindlimbs. It is the first large Jurassic predatory dinosaur found between central Europe and East Asia.
Notes: A new dinosaur species named Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus has been discovered in Kyrgyzstan, dating back about 165 million years. It is a large theropod found in the Middle Jurassic Balabansai formation in the northern Fergana Depression. This predator, from the Callovian age, was around 7 to 8 meters long. It had a distinctive protruding ‘eyebrow’ on the postorbital bone, suggesting a horn-like structure. Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus belongs to the Metriacanthosauridae family, known for high-arched skulls and slender hindlimbs. It is the first large Jurassic predatory dinosaur found between central Europe and East Asia.
Q 36.Kuno National Park, recently seen in the news due to death of Namibian Cheetah, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Madhya Pradesh]
Notes: Namibian cheetah Pawan was found dead in Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh. Pawan was the only free-ranging cheetah to have survived in Kuno. After Pawan’s death, Kuno National Park now has 24 cheetahs, including 12 adults and 12 cubs.Project Cheetah, started in 2022, aims to reintroduce the cheetah, which was extinct in India. The cheetahs were brought from South Africa and Namibia. The project also focuses on conserving prey species and protecting other endangered species in grasslands and open forests.
Notes: Namibian cheetah Pawan was found dead in Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh. Pawan was the only free-ranging cheetah to have survived in Kuno. After Pawan’s death, Kuno National Park now has 24 cheetahs, including 12 adults and 12 cubs.Project Cheetah, started in 2022, aims to reintroduce the cheetah, which was extinct in India. The cheetahs were brought from South Africa and Namibia. The project also focuses on conserving prey species and protecting other endangered species in grasslands and open forests.
Q 37.Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, which was recently in the news, is located near the border of which states?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Telangana]
Notes: Recent analysis shows that about 50,000 trees were uprooted in a 200-hectare area along 2 to 3 km length in Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary, established in 1953, is located near the Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana borders. The perennial Dayyam Vagu river flows through it, dividing the sanctuary into two parts. The sanctuary is known for the Sammakkka Sarakka Jathra, one of Asia’s largest tribal festivals, held every two years. The River Godavari also flows through the sanctuary.
Notes: Recent analysis shows that about 50,000 trees were uprooted in a 200-hectare area along 2 to 3 km length in Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary, established in 1953, is located near the Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana borders. The perennial Dayyam Vagu river flows through it, dividing the sanctuary into two parts. The sanctuary is known for the Sammakkka Sarakka Jathra, one of Asia’s largest tribal festivals, held every two years. The River Godavari also flows through the sanctuary.
Q 38.Veli-Akkulam Lake, recently seen in the news due to ecological degradation, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Kerala]
Notes: Researchers from the University of Kerala recently presented a study at the Estuarine & Coastal Sciences Association (ECSA) 60 conference in Hangzhou, revealing significant ecological decline in Veli-Akkulam Lake. Over 30 years, non-native species have invaded the lake, altering its nutrient flow and disrupting the food web. Using the Ecopath Model, the study highlights a major decline in native species like prawns and cichlids, while invasive species have surged. Initially, in the 1990s, the lake was rich in native species, but now, its ecosystem is severely impacted. Veli-Akkulam Lake, a 20-acre freshwater lake in Kerala, is fed by the Veli River.
Notes: Researchers from the University of Kerala recently presented a study at the Estuarine & Coastal Sciences Association (ECSA) 60 conference in Hangzhou, revealing significant ecological decline in Veli-Akkulam Lake. Over 30 years, non-native species have invaded the lake, altering its nutrient flow and disrupting the food web. Using the Ecopath Model, the study highlights a major decline in native species like prawns and cichlids, while invasive species have surged. Initially, in the 1990s, the lake was rich in native species, but now, its ecosystem is severely impacted. Veli-Akkulam Lake, a 20-acre freshwater lake in Kerala, is fed by the Veli River.
Q 39.Sardar Sarovar Dam, recently seen in the news, is built on which river?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Narmada]
Notes: The water level of Gujarat’s Sardar Sarovar Dam recently reached 136.43 meters, just over two meters short of its full capacity. This concrete gravity dam is situated on the Narmada River in Kevadia, Gujarat, and is named after Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. At 163 meters high, it is the third highest concrete dam in India, following Bhakra and Lakhwar. It ranks as the second largest gravity dam by concrete volume, after the Grand Coulee Dam in the USA. Part of the Narmada Valley Project, the dam supports extensive irrigation and hydroelectric systems. The river catchment area is 88,000 sq. km., and the dam’s spillway can discharge 87,000 cubic meters per second. The canal network includes the world’s longest canal system and the largest irrigation-lined canal, the Narmada Main Canal, at 458.3 km.
Notes: The water level of Gujarat’s Sardar Sarovar Dam recently reached 136.43 meters, just over two meters short of its full capacity. This concrete gravity dam is situated on the Narmada River in Kevadia, Gujarat, and is named after Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. At 163 meters high, it is the third highest concrete dam in India, following Bhakra and Lakhwar. It ranks as the second largest gravity dam by concrete volume, after the Grand Coulee Dam in the USA. Part of the Narmada Valley Project, the dam supports extensive irrigation and hydroelectric systems. The river catchment area is 88,000 sq. km., and the dam’s spillway can discharge 87,000 cubic meters per second. The canal network includes the world’s longest canal system and the largest irrigation-lined canal, the Narmada Main Canal, at 458.3 km.
Q 40.Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), recently mentioned in news, comes under which ministry?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Ministry of Earth Sciences]
Notes: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has launched the Integrated Ocean Energy Atlas. This atlas identifies areas with high potential for generating energy from marine sources. It includes data on various types of marine energy such as solar, wind, wave, tide, currents, ocean thermal, and salinity gradients. The atlas is intended to help policymakers, industries, and researchers utilize energy resources in India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). INCOIS, established in 1999 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, provides ocean data and advisory services to various sectors.
Notes: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has launched the Integrated Ocean Energy Atlas. This atlas identifies areas with high potential for generating energy from marine sources. It includes data on various types of marine energy such as solar, wind, wave, tide, currents, ocean thermal, and salinity gradients. The atlas is intended to help policymakers, industries, and researchers utilize energy resources in India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). INCOIS, established in 1999 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, provides ocean data and advisory services to various sectors.
Q 41.Recently, which tiger reserve has installed a wind turbine to generate power for real-time monitoring camera and Wi-Fi connectivity within its forests?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Periyar Tiger Reserve]
Notes: Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Thekkady, Kerala, has taken a significant step by installing a wind turbine to power real-time monitoring cameras and Wi-Fi in its forest. Located in the Western Ghats, PTR is named after the Periyar River and supports a diverse ecosystem, including tropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Its wildlife comprises elephants, tigers, wild pigs, and various primates such as the rare lion-tailed macaque. The reserve, home to tribal communities like the Mannans and Palians, also features key flora like teak and bamboos. The wind turbine aims to enhance conservation and connectivity in this critical habitat.
Notes: Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Thekkady, Kerala, has taken a significant step by installing a wind turbine to power real-time monitoring cameras and Wi-Fi in its forest. Located in the Western Ghats, PTR is named after the Periyar River and supports a diverse ecosystem, including tropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Its wildlife comprises elephants, tigers, wild pigs, and various primates such as the rare lion-tailed macaque. The reserve, home to tribal communities like the Mannans and Palians, also features key flora like teak and bamboos. The wind turbine aims to enhance conservation and connectivity in this critical habitat.
Q 42.Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, recently seen in news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Assam]
Notes: A mahout from Darrang district was tragically killed by a wild elephant at Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary. Located in Assam’s Morigaon district, Pobitora is home to the highest density of Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros, with around 102 rhinos in 38.8 sq. km. The sanctuary, declared in 1987, features alluvial lowlands, marshland, and wet savannah, bordered by the Brahmaputra River to the north and Garanga Beel to the south.
Notes: A mahout from Darrang district was tragically killed by a wild elephant at Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary. Located in Assam’s Morigaon district, Pobitora is home to the highest density of Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros, with around 102 rhinos in 38.8 sq. km. The sanctuary, declared in 1987, features alluvial lowlands, marshland, and wet savannah, bordered by the Brahmaputra River to the north and Garanga Beel to the south.
Q 43.Sariska Tiger Reserve, recently seen in the news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Rajasthan]
Notes: The Supreme Court’s Central Empowered Committee highlighted serious wildlife harm in Rajasthan’s Sariska Tiger Reserve due to unchecked tourism and traffic, recommending a ban on private vehicles. Located in the Aravali Hills, Sariska covers 800 sq km and was once a royal hunting ground. It was declared a reserve in 1955 and a national park in 1979, becoming the first to successfully relocate tigers. Sariska features diverse flora and fauna, including tigers, leopards, and dhok trees.
Notes: The Supreme Court’s Central Empowered Committee highlighted serious wildlife harm in Rajasthan’s Sariska Tiger Reserve due to unchecked tourism and traffic, recommending a ban on private vehicles. Located in the Aravali Hills, Sariska covers 800 sq km and was once a royal hunting ground. It was declared a reserve in 1955 and a national park in 1979, becoming the first to successfully relocate tigers. Sariska features diverse flora and fauna, including tigers, leopards, and dhok trees.
Q 44.Gadgil Committee Report, recently seen in the news, is associated with which geographical area?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Protection of Western Ghats]
Notes: The Western Ghats, crucial for biodiversity, still lack official ecologically sensitive area notifications from the Union environment ministry, 14 years after the 2011 Gadgil Committee Report. The 2011 Gadgil Committee Report, or Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) Report, was commissioned by India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests. It recommends measures for the sustainable development and ecological preservation of the Western Ghats, a region noted for its rich biodiversity and environmental importance.
Notes: The Western Ghats, crucial for biodiversity, still lack official ecologically sensitive area notifications from the Union environment ministry, 14 years after the 2011 Gadgil Committee Report. The 2011 Gadgil Committee Report, or Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) Report, was commissioned by India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests. It recommends measures for the sustainable development and ecological preservation of the Western Ghats, a region noted for its rich biodiversity and environmental importance.
Q 45.Amrabad Tiger Reserve, recently seen in the news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Telangana]
Notes: The state government approved the relocation of four villages from the core area of Amrabad Tiger Reserve (ATR). ATR is located in the Nagarkurnool and Nalgonda districts of Telangana, covering part of the Nallamala Forest. It spans 2,611.4 square kilometers, making it one of the largest tiger reserves in India. ATR is the second-largest tiger reserve in terms of core area. Originally part of Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, it became ATR after Telangana’s state bifurcation. The Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar Dams are fed by the Krishna River and streams originating in ATR.The Chenchu tribe lives in the ATR. The area has dense grass and various tree species like Terminalia tomentosa and Hardwickia binata.
Notes: The state government approved the relocation of four villages from the core area of Amrabad Tiger Reserve (ATR). ATR is located in the Nagarkurnool and Nalgonda districts of Telangana, covering part of the Nallamala Forest. It spans 2,611.4 square kilometers, making it one of the largest tiger reserves in India. ATR is the second-largest tiger reserve in terms of core area. Originally part of Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, it became ATR after Telangana’s state bifurcation. The Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar Dams are fed by the Krishna River and streams originating in ATR.The Chenchu tribe lives in the ATR. The area has dense grass and various tree species like Terminalia tomentosa and Hardwickia binata.
Q 46.Jaldapara National Park, which was seen in the news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [West Bengal]
Notes: Jaldapara National Park is in the news after five rhino cubs died recently. A similar incident occurred in February 2020, with six rhinos dying before the coronavirus outbreak. Foresters confirmed the deaths were not due to anthrax.The rhino carcasses were examined in Kolkata, revealing no anthrax. The suspected cause is tapeworm infestation or another toxin. Tapeworms are dangerous to wildlife and can cause severe illness. Jaldapara National Park is situated at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in northern West Bengal.
Notes: Jaldapara National Park is in the news after five rhino cubs died recently. A similar incident occurred in February 2020, with six rhinos dying before the coronavirus outbreak. Foresters confirmed the deaths were not due to anthrax.The rhino carcasses were examined in Kolkata, revealing no anthrax. The suspected cause is tapeworm infestation or another toxin. Tapeworms are dangerous to wildlife and can cause severe illness. Jaldapara National Park is situated at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in northern West Bengal.
Q 47.What is ‘Mass Wasting’, recently seen in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity]
Notes: A new study highlights an increase in mass wasting events in Sedongpu Gully on the Tibetan Plateau since 2017, linked to rapid warming in the region. This trend could negatively impact India’s Northeast. Mass wasting involves the movement of rock and soil down slopes due to gravity. It occurs when a slope becomes unstable due to factors like steep angles or weak materials. Triggers include rapid snow melt, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and human actions. Common types are rockfalls, slides, flows, and creep, with rapid movements being particularly hazardous. Excessive precipitation is a major cause, leading to dangerous debris flows.
Notes: A new study highlights an increase in mass wasting events in Sedongpu Gully on the Tibetan Plateau since 2017, linked to rapid warming in the region. This trend could negatively impact India’s Northeast. Mass wasting involves the movement of rock and soil down slopes due to gravity. It occurs when a slope becomes unstable due to factors like steep angles or weak materials. Triggers include rapid snow melt, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and human actions. Common types are rockfalls, slides, flows, and creep, with rapid movements being particularly hazardous. Excessive precipitation is a major cause, leading to dangerous debris flows.
Q 48.PARIVESH 2.0 Portal, recently seen in the news, is developed by which ministry?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change ]
Notes: The Ministry of Environment now requires exotic pets listed under Schedule IV of the Wildlife Act to be registered with state wildlife departments using the PARIVESH 2.0 portal within six months. Exotic species are animals or plants moved from their natural habitat to a new location, often by human actions. The Living Animal Species (Reporting and Registration) Rules, 2024, mandate registration for those possessing Schedule IV species. PARIVESH 2.0 is an online system developed for submitting and monitoring proposals related to environmental, forest, wildlife, and coastal clearances. It is developed by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It provides a single-window solution for managing green clearances and ensuring compliance.
Notes: The Ministry of Environment now requires exotic pets listed under Schedule IV of the Wildlife Act to be registered with state wildlife departments using the PARIVESH 2.0 portal within six months. Exotic species are animals or plants moved from their natural habitat to a new location, often by human actions. The Living Animal Species (Reporting and Registration) Rules, 2024, mandate registration for those possessing Schedule IV species. PARIVESH 2.0 is an online system developed for submitting and monitoring proposals related to environmental, forest, wildlife, and coastal clearances. It is developed by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It provides a single-window solution for managing green clearances and ensuring compliance.
Q 49.What is ‘Ophiocordyceps unilateralis’, recently seen in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [Fungus]
Notes: Wildlife researcher Chris Ketola shared a video of a tarantula infected by a zombie fungus called Ophiocordyceps unilateralis. This fungus drains its host of nutrients and fills its body with spores for reproduction. The fungus takes control of the host’s mind and motor functions, then eats away at the body. Cordyceps fungi mainly infect invertebrates, especially insects like ants and spiders. Tarantulas are large, hairy spiders belonging to the Theraphosidae family. Over 900 species of tarantulas exist worldwide, except in Antarctica. Tarantulas are nocturnal predators with an average body length of 5 inches and a leg span of up to 11 inches.
Notes: Wildlife researcher Chris Ketola shared a video of a tarantula infected by a zombie fungus called Ophiocordyceps unilateralis. This fungus drains its host of nutrients and fills its body with spores for reproduction. The fungus takes control of the host’s mind and motor functions, then eats away at the body. Cordyceps fungi mainly infect invertebrates, especially insects like ants and spiders. Tarantulas are large, hairy spiders belonging to the Theraphosidae family. Over 900 species of tarantulas exist worldwide, except in Antarctica. Tarantulas are nocturnal predators with an average body length of 5 inches and a leg span of up to 11 inches.
Q 50.Recently, Bovine animal Mithun has been spotted in which northeastern state for the first time?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Assam]
Notes: Mithun, a semi-domesticated bovine species, was recently spotted in Assam for the first time. Known as the “cattle of the mountain,” Mithun originated over 8,000 years ago and is believed to be a descendant of the wild Indian gaur. It is most concentrated in Northeast India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh, and is also found in Southeast Asia. Mithun resembles the Indian bison but is smaller, weighing 400-650 kg, with distinct horns and coloration. It is the state animal of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Mithun is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and in CITES Appendix I.
Notes: Mithun, a semi-domesticated bovine species, was recently spotted in Assam for the first time. Known as the “cattle of the mountain,” Mithun originated over 8,000 years ago and is believed to be a descendant of the wild Indian gaur. It is most concentrated in Northeast India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh, and is also found in Southeast Asia. Mithun resembles the Indian bison but is smaller, weighing 400-650 kg, with distinct horns and coloration. It is the state animal of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Mithun is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and in CITES Appendix I.
Q 51.According to recent study, overexploitation of host plant species is endangering which group of insects in Assam’s forests?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Swallowtail butterflies ]
Notes: Overexploitation of 25 medicinal host plants has impacted swallowtail butterflies in Assam’s “citrus belt.” Swallowtail butterflies belong to the Papilionidae family and are found globally, except in the Arctic. India is home to 77 of the 573 swallowtail species. Some swallowtail species mimic protected butterflies’ coloration and patterns. Threats include illegal cattle farming, agriculture, tea cultivation, tree felling, and pesticide use. Butterflies are important environmental indicators, with their health reflecting ecosystem health and diversity.
Notes: Overexploitation of 25 medicinal host plants has impacted swallowtail butterflies in Assam’s “citrus belt.” Swallowtail butterflies belong to the Papilionidae family and are found globally, except in the Arctic. India is home to 77 of the 573 swallowtail species. Some swallowtail species mimic protected butterflies’ coloration and patterns. Threats include illegal cattle farming, agriculture, tea cultivation, tree felling, and pesticide use. Butterflies are important environmental indicators, with their health reflecting ecosystem health and diversity.
Q 52.Bodo Napham and Bodo Ondla, which have received the Geographical Indications tag, are from which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Assam]
Notes: The Geographical Indications Registry in Chennai has granted GI tags to eight products from Assam, including Bodo Napham and Bodo Ondla. Bodo Napham is a fermented fish dish prepared anaerobically over two to three months. Bodo Ondla is a rice powder curry seasoned with garlic and ginger.The other six products are Bodo Jou Gwran, Maibra Jou Bidwi, Bodo Jou Gishi, Bodo Gwkha, Bodo Narzi and Bodo Aronai.
Notes: The Geographical Indications Registry in Chennai has granted GI tags to eight products from Assam, including Bodo Napham and Bodo Ondla. Bodo Napham is a fermented fish dish prepared anaerobically over two to three months. Bodo Ondla is a rice powder curry seasoned with garlic and ginger.The other six products are Bodo Jou Gwran, Maibra Jou Bidwi, Bodo Jou Gishi, Bodo Gwkha, Bodo Narzi and Bodo Aronai.
Q 53.Mount Dhaulagiri is located in which country?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Nepal]
Notes: Five Russian mountaineers recently died on an expedition on Mount Dhaulagiri. Mount Dhaulagiri is the seventh-highest mountain in the world, with an elevation of 8,167 meters (26,795 feet). It is located in west-central Nepal, part of the Himalayan range, and is the highest mountain entirely in Nepal. Known for snowy peaks and glaciers, Dhaulagiri means “white mountain” in Sanskrit. The first successful climb was by Swiss climber Max Eiselin in 1960. The mountain is challenging due to its tough terrain and unpredictable weather.
Notes: Five Russian mountaineers recently died on an expedition on Mount Dhaulagiri. Mount Dhaulagiri is the seventh-highest mountain in the world, with an elevation of 8,167 meters (26,795 feet). It is located in west-central Nepal, part of the Himalayan range, and is the highest mountain entirely in Nepal. Known for snowy peaks and glaciers, Dhaulagiri means “white mountain” in Sanskrit. The first successful climb was by Swiss climber Max Eiselin in 1960. The mountain is challenging due to its tough terrain and unpredictable weather.
Q 54.Agasthyamalai Bambootail, which was seen in the news, belongs to which species?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Damesfly]
Notes: Researchers have discovered a new damselfly species named Agasthyamalai Bambootail in Manjadininnavila, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. This rare species belongs to the bambootail group, known for their long cylindrical abdomens resembling bamboo stalks. It was found in the Agasthyamalai landscape of the Western Ghats. The only other species in this genus is the Malabar Bambootail, located in Coorg-Wayanad. Agasthyamalai Bambootail can be identified by the absence of the anal bridge vein in its wings. It features a long black body with striking blue markings and differs from the Malabar Bambootail in specific anatomical structures.
Notes: Researchers have discovered a new damselfly species named Agasthyamalai Bambootail in Manjadininnavila, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. This rare species belongs to the bambootail group, known for their long cylindrical abdomens resembling bamboo stalks. It was found in the Agasthyamalai landscape of the Western Ghats. The only other species in this genus is the Malabar Bambootail, located in Coorg-Wayanad. Agasthyamalai Bambootail can be identified by the absence of the anal bridge vein in its wings. It features a long black body with striking blue markings and differs from the Malabar Bambootail in specific anatomical structures.
Q 55.Which port of India has been listed as an incentive provider on the Environment Ship Index (ESI) platform?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Mormugao Port]
Notes: Mormugao Port Authority is now listed as an incentive provider on the Environment Ship Index (ESI) portal, recognized by the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH). IAPH, founded in 1955, represents 185 ports and 160 port-related businesses in 88 countries, handling over 60% of global seaborne trade and container traffic. Mormugao’s ‘Harit Shrey’ scheme, launched in October 2023, offers discounts on port charges for ships with high ESI scores, promoting reduced emissions. ESI evaluates ships based on emissions of nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, and greenhouse gases, identifying vessels with superior environmental performance.
Notes: Mormugao Port Authority is now listed as an incentive provider on the Environment Ship Index (ESI) portal, recognized by the International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH). IAPH, founded in 1955, represents 185 ports and 160 port-related businesses in 88 countries, handling over 60% of global seaborne trade and container traffic. Mormugao’s ‘Harit Shrey’ scheme, launched in October 2023, offers discounts on port charges for ships with high ESI scores, promoting reduced emissions. ESI evaluates ships based on emissions of nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, and greenhouse gases, identifying vessels with superior environmental performance.
Q 56.What is Begonia neisti, that was recently seen in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [A new species of flowering plant ]
Notes: Researchers discovered a new flowering plant species, Begonia neisti, in the Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Begonia neisti belongs to the Begonia sect. Platycentrum, part of the large Begonia genus with over 2,100 species globally. The species is named to honor the North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) for its 60 years of contribution to local communities. The plant features large, variegated leaves with white-silver spots and dark red patches, giving it a unique look. It grows on moist, hilly slopes, blooms from November to January, and is classified as Data Deficient by the IUCN due to habitat threats from road expansion.
Notes: Researchers discovered a new flowering plant species, Begonia neisti, in the Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Begonia neisti belongs to the Begonia sect. Platycentrum, part of the large Begonia genus with over 2,100 species globally. The species is named to honor the North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) for its 60 years of contribution to local communities. The plant features large, variegated leaves with white-silver spots and dark red patches, giving it a unique look. It grows on moist, hilly slopes, blooms from November to January, and is classified as Data Deficient by the IUCN due to habitat threats from road expansion.
Q 57.Hasdeo Arand Mining Issue, which was seen in the news, is associated with which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Chhattisgarh]
Notes: Tensions erupted between police and villagers in Chhattisgarh over tree clearing in the Hasdeo forest for coal mining. The Hasdeo Arand forest, known as the “lungs of Chhattisgarh,” is rich in biodiversity and is the largest un-fragmented forest in Central India. It features pristine Sal and teak forests and protects nine species under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Villagers fear mining will destroy their homes, forest cover, and livelihoods, and some are dissatisfied with the government’s compensation and resettlement offers.
Notes: Tensions erupted between police and villagers in Chhattisgarh over tree clearing in the Hasdeo forest for coal mining. The Hasdeo Arand forest, known as the “lungs of Chhattisgarh,” is rich in biodiversity and is the largest un-fragmented forest in Central India. It features pristine Sal and teak forests and protects nine species under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Villagers fear mining will destroy their homes, forest cover, and livelihoods, and some are dissatisfied with the government’s compensation and resettlement offers.
Q 58.What is the IUCN conservation status of the North Atlantic right whale, that was recently seen in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [Critically Endangered]
Notes: Researchers reported a 4% increase in the North Atlantic right whale population since 2020, following a 25% decline from 2010 to 2020. These migratory whales spend winters in warmer waters and migrate to the poles in late summer. They inhabit temperate and subpolar waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Right whales are often found near bays and peninsulas in shallow, coastal waters, mainly along the East Coast of the United States and Canada. They feed by skimming plankton at or just below the water’s surface. Conservation status: IUCN lists North Atlantic right whales as critically endangered.
Notes: Researchers reported a 4% increase in the North Atlantic right whale population since 2020, following a 25% decline from 2010 to 2020. These migratory whales spend winters in warmer waters and migrate to the poles in late summer. They inhabit temperate and subpolar waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Right whales are often found near bays and peninsulas in shallow, coastal waters, mainly along the East Coast of the United States and Canada. They feed by skimming plankton at or just below the water’s surface. Conservation status: IUCN lists North Atlantic right whales as critically endangered.
Q 59.Caterpillar fungus, which was seen in the news, is endemic to which region?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Tibetan Plateau and adjoining high Himalayas]
Notes: Research on caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps Sinensis) reveals its potential as a cancer treatment. This fungus, a parasite of caterpillar larvae, is found in the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas, known by various local names. It is documented in India’s protected areas like Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and Askot Wildlife Sanctuary. The species is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. The chemical Cordycepin from the fungus interrupts overactive cell growth signals in cancer, potentially offering a less harmful alternative to current treatments by targeting cancer cells specifically.
Notes: Research on caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps Sinensis) reveals its potential as a cancer treatment. This fungus, a parasite of caterpillar larvae, is found in the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas, known by various local names. It is documented in India’s protected areas like Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and Askot Wildlife Sanctuary. The species is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. The chemical Cordycepin from the fungus interrupts overactive cell growth signals in cancer, potentially offering a less harmful alternative to current treatments by targeting cancer cells specifically.
Q 60.Sahyadri Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Maharashtra]
Notes: A new tiger has been spotted in the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, boosting wildlife tourism. The reserve is located in the Sahyadri Ranges of the Western Ghats and covers 741.22 sq. km. It was formed in 2007 by merging Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and Chandoli National Park. The reserve includes the Shivsagar and Vasant Sagar reservoirs. Historically, it dates back to the Maratha Empire, with forts linked to Shivaji Maharaj. The terrain is steep with rocky plateaus, thorny bushes, and minimal anthropogenic influence, supporting rich vegetation.
Notes: A new tiger has been spotted in the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, boosting wildlife tourism. The reserve is located in the Sahyadri Ranges of the Western Ghats and covers 741.22 sq. km. It was formed in 2007 by merging Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and Chandoli National Park. The reserve includes the Shivsagar and Vasant Sagar reservoirs. Historically, it dates back to the Maratha Empire, with forts linked to Shivaji Maharaj. The terrain is steep with rocky plateaus, thorny bushes, and minimal anthropogenic influence, supporting rich vegetation.
Q 61.Trouessartia thalassina and Proterothrix sibillae, which were seen in news, belongs to which species?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Feather Mite]
Notes: Researchers in Meghalaya’s subtropical forests discovered two new feather mite species: Trouessartia thalassina and Proterothrix sibillae. Trouessartia thalassina was found on the Verditer Flycatcher, named for its sea-green plumage; it has unique semi-ovate structures in males and non-sclerotized lacunae in females. Proterothrix sibillae, found on the Small Niltava, is larger and named after naturalist Maria Sibylla Merian. Feather mites are microscopic arachnids that feed on oils and debris in bird feathers, usually benefiting their hosts but sometimes turning parasitic. They spread through close bird contact, especially during nesting.
Notes: Researchers in Meghalaya’s subtropical forests discovered two new feather mite species: Trouessartia thalassina and Proterothrix sibillae. Trouessartia thalassina was found on the Verditer Flycatcher, named for its sea-green plumage; it has unique semi-ovate structures in males and non-sclerotized lacunae in females. Proterothrix sibillae, found on the Small Niltava, is larger and named after naturalist Maria Sibylla Merian. Feather mites are microscopic arachnids that feed on oils and debris in bird feathers, usually benefiting their hosts but sometimes turning parasitic. They spread through close bird contact, especially during nesting.
Q 62.Little Gull Bird, which was recently spotted in Delhi-NCR, is native to which region?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Eurasia]
Notes: The Little Gull, a bird native to Eurasia, was spotted for the first time in NCR. It is the world’s smallest gull species, measuring 25–30 cm in length with a wingspan of 61–78 cm and weighing 68–162 g. The bird belongs to the Laridae family and is migratory, breeding in northern Europe and wintering in coastal regions of western Europe, the Mediterranean, and the northeast US. It inhabits seacoasts, estuaries, lakes, rivers, and marshes. It is classified as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List.
Notes: The Little Gull, a bird native to Eurasia, was spotted for the first time in NCR. It is the world’s smallest gull species, measuring 25–30 cm in length with a wingspan of 61–78 cm and weighing 68–162 g. The bird belongs to the Laridae family and is migratory, breeding in northern Europe and wintering in coastal regions of western Europe, the Mediterranean, and the northeast US. It inhabits seacoasts, estuaries, lakes, rivers, and marshes. It is classified as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List.
Q 63.Chakki River, which was seen in the news, is tributary of which river?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Beas]
Notes: A joint committee informed the National Green Tribunal (NGT) about stone-crushing units altering the Chakki River’s course. The Chakki River is a tributary of the Beas River, flowing through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, and merging with the Beas near Pathankot. It is fed by snow and rain from the Dhauladhar mountains. Unregulated sand mining is damaging the riverbed and banks. The Beas River is crucial for Punjab, one of the Five Rivers of the region, and was known as Arjiki or Hyphasis in ancient times.
Notes: A joint committee informed the National Green Tribunal (NGT) about stone-crushing units altering the Chakki River’s course. The Chakki River is a tributary of the Beas River, flowing through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, and merging with the Beas near Pathankot. It is fed by snow and rain from the Dhauladhar mountains. Unregulated sand mining is damaging the riverbed and banks. The Beas River is crucial for Punjab, one of the Five Rivers of the region, and was known as Arjiki or Hyphasis in ancient times.
Q 64.Where was the Little Bunting bird recently spotted in Rajasthan?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Mount Abu]
Notes: A Little Bunting bird, never before seen in Rajasthan, was recently spotted in Mount Abu. The Little Bunting (Emberiza pusilla) is a small passerine bird from the bunting family. It breeds in the taiga regions of Europe and northern Eurasia and migrates to northern India, southern China, and parts of Southeast Asia in winter. It measures 12–14 cm in length, with white underparts and dark streaks. It is listed as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List.
Notes: A Little Bunting bird, never before seen in Rajasthan, was recently spotted in Mount Abu. The Little Bunting (Emberiza pusilla) is a small passerine bird from the bunting family. It breeds in the taiga regions of Europe and northern Eurasia and migrates to northern India, southern China, and parts of Southeast Asia in winter. It measures 12–14 cm in length, with white underparts and dark streaks. It is listed as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List.
Q 65.Which airport became the India’s first zero-waste airport?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport, Indore]
Notes: Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport in Indore became India’s first zero-waste airport with a new 3000 sq ft Material Recovery Facility. The facility uses a waste management system to segregate and recycle waste from the airport and aircraft. Wet waste will be converted into fertilizer, following the 4R principle: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Restore. Indore Airport’s passenger capacity will increase from 40 lakh to 90 lakh annually within 3 years.
Notes: Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport in Indore became India’s first zero-waste airport with a new 3000 sq ft Material Recovery Facility. The facility uses a waste management system to segregate and recycle waste from the airport and aircraft. Wet waste will be converted into fertilizer, following the 4R principle: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Restore. Indore Airport’s passenger capacity will increase from 40 lakh to 90 lakh annually within 3 years.
Q 66.Scientists have discovered a 50000-year-old baby mammoth named Yana in which country?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Russia]
Notes: A 50,000-year-old baby mammoth, Yana, was discovered in Yakutia, Russia, an exceptional palaeontological find. Mammoths are extinct species of the genus Mammuthus, adapted to cold climates. The Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) disappeared around 4,000 years ago and is classified as extinct by the IUCN. They had long, spirally twisted tusks, thick fur, fat layers, and small ears to minimize heat loss. Mammoths once inhabited Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.
Notes: A 50,000-year-old baby mammoth, Yana, was discovered in Yakutia, Russia, an exceptional palaeontological find. Mammoths are extinct species of the genus Mammuthus, adapted to cold climates. The Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) disappeared around 4,000 years ago and is classified as extinct by the IUCN. They had long, spirally twisted tusks, thick fur, fat layers, and small ears to minimize heat loss. Mammoths once inhabited Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.
Q 67.Dodo bird, which was seen in news, is native to which country?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Mauritius]
Notes: The dodo, a flightless bird from Mauritius, went extinct in 1681 due to overhunting and habitat destruction, symbolizing human-induced extinction. Kashmir artisans are reviving the extinct dodo bird through papier mâché art, 343 years after its extinction. Kashmiri papier mâché is a traditional craft introduced in the 14th century by Persian saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani. The craft involves intricate designs and uses paper pulp to create colorful, richly decorated items. This revival of the dodo through art symbolizes environmental awareness and showcases the craftsmanship of the Kashmir Valley.
Notes: The dodo, a flightless bird from Mauritius, went extinct in 1681 due to overhunting and habitat destruction, symbolizing human-induced extinction. Kashmir artisans are reviving the extinct dodo bird through papier mâché art, 343 years after its extinction. Kashmiri papier mâché is a traditional craft introduced in the 14th century by Persian saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani. The craft involves intricate designs and uses paper pulp to create colorful, richly decorated items. This revival of the dodo through art symbolizes environmental awareness and showcases the craftsmanship of the Kashmir Valley.
Q 68.Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Maharashtra]
Notes: The Bombay High Court took suo moto cognizance of an incident where tourists cornered a tigress and her cubs in Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary. This incident highlighted gaps in wildlife protection and monitoring protocols. The sanctuary is located in Maharashtra’s Bhandara and Nagpur districts. It connects to the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve via a vital forest corridor along the Wainganga River. The sanctuary is bordered by the Wainganga River and the Gose Khurd Dam to the northeast.
Notes: The Bombay High Court took suo moto cognizance of an incident where tourists cornered a tigress and her cubs in Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary. This incident highlighted gaps in wildlife protection and monitoring protocols. The sanctuary is located in Maharashtra’s Bhandara and Nagpur districts. It connects to the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve via a vital forest corridor along the Wainganga River. The sanctuary is bordered by the Wainganga River and the Gose Khurd Dam to the northeast.
Q 69.Which city has become home to India’s first Green Hydrogen Hub under the National Green Hydrogen Mission?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh]
Notes: Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of India’s first Green Hydrogen Hub in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM). NGHM was announced in January 2023 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Its objective is to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production, usage, and export. The target is to produce 5 MMT of green hydrogen annually by 2030.
Notes: Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of India’s first Green Hydrogen Hub in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM). NGHM was announced in January 2023 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Its objective is to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production, usage, and export. The target is to produce 5 MMT of green hydrogen annually by 2030.
Q 70.Pavana River, which was seen in the news, flows through which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Maharashtra]
Notes: The National Green Tribunal has directed a rejuvenation committee to set a new timeline for the action plan to reduce pollution in the Pavana River. The Pavana River flows in western Maharashtra, crossing Pune and dividing Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad. It originates from the Western Ghats. It flows through Dehu, Chinchwad, Pimpri, and Dapodi before joining the Mula River near Pune. It is about 60 km long and feeds into the Bhima River.
Notes: The National Green Tribunal has directed a rejuvenation committee to set a new timeline for the action plan to reduce pollution in the Pavana River. The Pavana River flows in western Maharashtra, crossing Pune and dividing Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad. It originates from the Western Ghats. It flows through Dehu, Chinchwad, Pimpri, and Dapodi before joining the Mula River near Pune. It is about 60 km long and feeds into the Bhima River.
Q 71.What is Hydroclimate Whiplash, that was recently highlighted in news?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [A condition where an extremely wet season is followed by an extremely dry season]
Notes: Experts link the severity of wildfires in the USA to hydroclimate whiplash, intensified by climate change. Hydroclimate whiplash is a rare condition where a wet season is followed by an extremely dry one. This leads to increased hazards like flash floods, wildfires, landslides, and disease outbreaks. It can harm water quality due to harmful algal blooms and excess organic or mineral content. It also affects food security by reducing plant productivity, causing crop failures, and leading to livestock mortality.
Notes: Experts link the severity of wildfires in the USA to hydroclimate whiplash, intensified by climate change. Hydroclimate whiplash is a rare condition where a wet season is followed by an extremely dry one. This leads to increased hazards like flash floods, wildfires, landslides, and disease outbreaks. It can harm water quality due to harmful algal blooms and excess organic or mineral content. It also affects food security by reducing plant productivity, causing crop failures, and leading to livestock mortality.
Q 72.Tungabhadra River, which was seen in news, is tributary of which river?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Krishna]
Notes: Tungabhadra River water turned green near villages in Mundargi taluk, Gadag district, Karnataka, causing panic. It is a major tributary of the Krishna River, sacred to Hindus, and mentioned as “Pampa” in the Ramayana. The river originates from the Tunga (147 km) and Bhadra (178 km) streams in the Western Ghats and runs 531 km to meet the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh. It passes through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and forms an interstate boundary.
Notes: Tungabhadra River water turned green near villages in Mundargi taluk, Gadag district, Karnataka, causing panic. It is a major tributary of the Krishna River, sacred to Hindus, and mentioned as “Pampa” in the Ramayana. The river originates from the Tunga (147 km) and Bhadra (178 km) streams in the Western Ghats and runs 531 km to meet the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh. It passes through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and forms an interstate boundary.
Q 73.The Nord Stream Pipeline is constructed under which Sea?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Baltic Sea]
Notes: A United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) study revealed that the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline explosions caused the largest human-induced methane release ever recorded. Nord Stream is a key natural gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea, connecting Vyborg, Russia, to Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany. It is a twin pipeline system designed to ensure energy security for Europe, especially Germany. The pipeline provides a direct and reliable gas supply from Russia, bypassing transit countries.
Notes: A United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) study revealed that the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline explosions caused the largest human-induced methane release ever recorded. Nord Stream is a key natural gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea, connecting Vyborg, Russia, to Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany. It is a twin pipeline system designed to ensure energy security for Europe, especially Germany. The pipeline provides a direct and reliable gas supply from Russia, bypassing transit countries.
Q 74.Which weland recently hosted the Asian Waterbird Census in Uttarakhand?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Asan Wetland ]
Notes: The Asan Wetland in Dehradun, Uttarakhand hosted the Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) in January 2025. The census recorded 5,225 birds from 117 species. The census is part of the International Waterbird Census (IWC), which is a global program that monitors waterbirds and their habitats. Asan Wetland is located in Dehradun district at the confluence of the Asan River and Eastern Yamuna Canal, near the Uttarakhand-Himachal Pradesh border. The wetland was created in 1967 due to the damming of the Asan River during the construction of the Dhalipur powerhouse.
Notes: The Asan Wetland in Dehradun, Uttarakhand hosted the Asian Waterbird Census (AWC) in January 2025. The census recorded 5,225 birds from 117 species. The census is part of the International Waterbird Census (IWC), which is a global program that monitors waterbirds and their habitats. Asan Wetland is located in Dehradun district at the confluence of the Asan River and Eastern Yamuna Canal, near the Uttarakhand-Himachal Pradesh border. The wetland was created in 1967 due to the damming of the Asan River during the construction of the Dhalipur powerhouse.
Q 75.Recently, the United Nations has declared which year as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [2025]
Notes: The UN declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation. March 21 will be celebrated annually as World Day for Glaciers, starting in 2025. UNESCO and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) will co-facilitate the initiative. The goal is to raise awareness about glaciers’ role in the climate system, water cycle, and their economic, social, and environmental impacts. Glaciers cover over 700,000 sq. km globally, comprising 275,000 glaciers, and hold about 70% of the world’s freshwater.
Notes: The UN declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation. March 21 will be celebrated annually as World Day for Glaciers, starting in 2025. UNESCO and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) will co-facilitate the initiative. The goal is to raise awareness about glaciers’ role in the climate system, water cycle, and their economic, social, and environmental impacts. Glaciers cover over 700,000 sq. km globally, comprising 275,000 glaciers, and hold about 70% of the world’s freshwater.
Q 76.A new species of phytopathogenic fungi, epicoccum indicum was recently discovered at which university in Uttar Pradesh?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi]
Notes: A new species of phytopathogenic fungi, Epicoccum indicum, was discovered at Banaras Hindu University. The species is named after India, where it was found. Phytopathogenic fungi cause plant diseases, leading to significant agricultural losses, affecting roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. These fungi are responsible for 70–80% of plant diseases. Most phytopathogenic fungi belong to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. They use various enzymes to break down plant cell walls and may either kill plants (necrotrophs) or live off them (biotrophs).
Notes: A new species of phytopathogenic fungi, Epicoccum indicum, was discovered at Banaras Hindu University. The species is named after India, where it was found. Phytopathogenic fungi cause plant diseases, leading to significant agricultural losses, affecting roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. These fungi are responsible for 70–80% of plant diseases. Most phytopathogenic fungi belong to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. They use various enzymes to break down plant cell walls and may either kill plants (necrotrophs) or live off them (biotrophs).
Q 77.Greater Hesaraghatta conservation reserve, which was seen in news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:A [Karnataka]
Notes: The State Cabinet approved the Greater Hessarghatta Grasslands as a conservation reserve near Bengaluru, Karnataka. The reserve covers 5,678 acres of grassland near Yelahanka, threatened by urbanization. The decision faced delays since 2013 due to local opposition but was approved by the State Board for Wildlife in October 2024. The area includes three water bodies, grasslands, and diverse flora and fauna. It is home to 133 bird species, leopards, foxes, wolves, and slender loris.
Notes: The State Cabinet approved the Greater Hessarghatta Grasslands as a conservation reserve near Bengaluru, Karnataka. The reserve covers 5,678 acres of grassland near Yelahanka, threatened by urbanization. The decision faced delays since 2013 due to local opposition but was approved by the State Board for Wildlife in October 2024. The area includes three water bodies, grasslands, and diverse flora and fauna. It is home to 133 bird species, leopards, foxes, wolves, and slender loris.
Q 78.Inland mangrove of Guneri, which was seen in news, is located in which state?
Answer: Correct Answer:C [Gujarat]
Notes: Gujarat declared the inland mangrove in Guneri village, Kutch, as its first Biodiversity Heritage Site. It is 45 km from the Arabian Sea and 4 km from Kori Creek, with no seawater inflow. The site is a rare inland mangrove forest, one of only eight globally. It may have originated after the Miocene marine transgression or along the lost Saraswati River. Limestone deposits in the region help sustain groundwater flow for the mangroves. The site was designated under The Biodiversity Act, 2002, after consultation with local bodies.
Notes: Gujarat declared the inland mangrove in Guneri village, Kutch, as its first Biodiversity Heritage Site. It is 45 km from the Arabian Sea and 4 km from Kori Creek, with no seawater inflow. The site is a rare inland mangrove forest, one of only eight globally. It may have originated after the Miocene marine transgression or along the lost Saraswati River. Limestone deposits in the region help sustain groundwater flow for the mangroves. The site was designated under The Biodiversity Act, 2002, after consultation with local bodies.
Q 79.Which state is home to India’s first white tiger breeding centre?
Answer: Correct Answer:B [Madhya Pradesh]
Notes: Central Zoo Authority (CZA) approved India’s first white tiger breeding centre in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. The centre will be set up in Govindgarh, near Mukundpur’s white tiger safari. The project received in-principle approval in 2011. Rewa is believed to be home to the last wild white tiger. The centre is part of a revised masterplan for Mukundpur’s white tiger safari and zoo. The safari is named after Maharaja Martand Singh Judeo, who found a white tiger in 1951 and started a breeding program.
Notes: Central Zoo Authority (CZA) approved India’s first white tiger breeding centre in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. The centre will be set up in Govindgarh, near Mukundpur’s white tiger safari. The project received in-principle approval in 2011. Rewa is believed to be home to the last wild white tiger. The centre is part of a revised masterplan for Mukundpur’s white tiger safari and zoo. The safari is named after Maharaja Martand Singh Judeo, who found a white tiger in 1951 and started a breeding program.
Q 80.Which country owns the “Svalbard Global Seed Vault”?
Answer: Correct Answer:D [Norway]
Notes: The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, also called the Arctic Doomsday Vault, received over 14,000 new seed samples. It is located on the Norwegian Arctic Island and owned by Norway. It is managed by the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, NordGen, and the Crop Trust. It stores duplicate seeds from global genebanks as a backup against disasters like nuclear war, conflict, or climate change.
Notes: The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, also called the Arctic Doomsday Vault, received over 14,000 new seed samples. It is located on the Norwegian Arctic Island and owned by Norway. It is managed by the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, NordGen, and the Crop Trust. It stores duplicate seeds from global genebanks as a backup against disasters like nuclear war, conflict, or climate change.